6. ch-image

Build and manage images; completely unprivileged.

6.1. Synopsis

$ ch-image [...] build [-t TAG] [-f DOCKERFILE] [...] CONTEXT
$ ch-image [...] build-cache [...]
$ ch-image [...] delete IMAGE_REF
$ ch-image [...] gestalt [SELECTOR]
$ ch-image [...] import PATH IMAGE_REF
$ ch-image [...] list [-l] [IMAGE_REF]
$ ch-image [...] pull [...] IMAGE_REF [DEST_REF]
$ ch-image [...] push [--image DIR] IMAGE_REF [DEST_REF]
$ ch-image [...] reset
$ ch-image [...] undelete IMAGE_REF
$ ch-image { --help | --version | --dependencies }

6.2. Description

ch-image is a tool for building and manipulating container images, but not running them (for that you want ch-run). It is completely unprivileged, with no setuid/setgid/setcap helpers. Many operations can use caching for speed. The action to take is specified by a sub-command.

Options that print brief information and then exit:

-h, --help

Print help and exit successfully. If specified before the sub-command, print general help and list of sub-commands; if after the sub-command, print help specific to that sub-command.

--dependencies

Report dependency problems on standard output, if any, and exit. If all is well, there is no output and the exit is successful; in case of problems, the exit is unsuccessful.

--version

Print version number and exit successfully.

Common options placed before or after the sub-command:

-a, --arch ARCH

Use ARCH for architecture-aware registry operations. (See section “Architecture” below for details.)

--always-download

Download all files when pulling, even if they are already in builder storage. Note that ch-image pull will always retrieve the most up-to-date image; this option is mostly for debugging.

--auth

Authenticate with the remote repository, then (if successful) make all subsequent requests in authenticated mode. For most subcommands, the default is to never authenticate, i.e., make all requests anonymously. The exception is push, which implies --auth.

--cache

Enable build cache. Default if a sufficiently new Git is available.

--cache-large SIZE

Set the cache’s large file threshold to SIZE MiB, or 0 for no large files, which is the default. This can speed up some builds. Experimental. See section “Build cache” for details.

--no-cache

Disable build cache. Default if a sufficiently new Git is not available. This option turns off the cache completely; if you want to re-execute a Dockerfile and store the new results in cache, use --rebuild instead.

--no-lock

Disable storage directory locking. This lets you run as many concurrent ch-image instances as you want against the same storage directory, which risks corruption but may be OK for some workloads.

--profile

Dump profile to files /tmp/chofile.p (cProfile dump format) and /tmp/chofile.txt (text summary). You can convert the former to a PDF call graph with gprof2dot -f pstats /tmp/chofile.p | dot -Tpdf -o /tmp/chofile.pdf. This excludes time spend in subprocesses. Profile data should still be written on fatal errors, but not if the program crashes.

--rebuild

Execute all instructions, even if they are build cache hits, except for FROM which is retrieved from cache on hit.

--password-many

Re-prompt the user every time a registry password is needed.

-s, --storage DIR

Set the storage directory (see below for important details).

--tls-no-verify

Don’t verify TLS certificates of the repository. (Do not use this option unless you understand the risks.)

-v, --verbose

Print extra chatter; can be repeated.

6.3. Architecture

Charliecloud provides the option --arch ARCH to specify the architecture for architecture-aware registry operations. The argument ARCH can be: (1) yolo, to bypass architecture-aware code and use the registry’s default architecture; (2) host, to use the host’s architecture, obtained with the equivalent of uname -m (default if --arch not specified); or (3) an architecture name. If the specified architecture is not available, the error message will list which ones are.

Notes:

1. ch-image is limited to one image per image reference in builder storage at a time, regardless of architecture. For example, if you say ch-image pull --arch=foo baz and then ch-image pull --arch=bar baz, builder storage will contain one image called “baz”, with architecture “bar”.

2. Images’ default architecture is usually amd64, so this is usually what you get with --arch=yolo. Similarly, if a registry image is architecture-unaware, it will still be pulled with --arch=amd64 and --arch=host on x86-64 hosts (other host architectures must specify --arch=yolo to pull architecture-unaware images).

3. uname -m and image registries often use different names for the same architecture. For example, what uname -m reports as “x86_64” is known to registries as “amd64”. --arch=host should translate if needed, but it’s useful to know this is happening. Directly specified architecture names are passed to the registry without translation.

4. Registries treat architecture as a pair of items, architecture and sometimes variant (e.g., “arm” and “v7”). Charliecloud treats architecture as a simple string and converts to/from the registry view transparently.

6.4. Authentication

Charliecloud does not have configuration files; thus, it has no separate login subcommand to store secrets. Instead, Charliecloud will prompt for a username and password when authentication is needed. Note that some repositories refer to the secret as something other than a “password”; e.g., GitLab calls it a “personal access token (PAT)”, Quay calls it an “application token”, and nVidia NGC calls it an “API token”.

For non-interactive authentication, you can use environment variables CH_IMAGE_USERNAME and CH_IMAGE_PASSWORD. Only do this if you fully understand the implications for your specific use case, because it is difficult to securely store secrets in environment variables.

By default for most subcommands, all registry access is anonymous. To instead use authenticated access for everything, specify --auth or set the environment variable $CH_IMAGE_AUTH=yes. The exception is push, which always runs in authenticated mode. Even for pulling public images, it can be useful to authenticate for registries that have per-user rate limits, such as Docker Hub. (Older versions of Charliecloud started with anonymous access, then tried to upgrade to authenticated if it seemed necessary. However, this turned out to be brittle; see issue #1318.)

The username and password are remembered for the life of the process and silently re-offered to the registry if needed. One case when this happens is on push to a private registry: many registries will first offer a read-only token when ch-image checks if something exists, then re-authenticate when upgrading the token to read-write for upload. If your site uses one-time passwords such as provided by a security device, you can specify --password-many to provide a new secret each time.

These values are not saved persistently, e.g. in a file. Note that we do use normal Python variables for this information, without pinning them into physical RAM with mlock(2) or any other special treatment, so we cannot guarantee they will never reach non-volatile storage.

Technical details

Most registries use something called Bearer authentication, where the client (e.g., Charliecloud) includes a token in the headers of every HTTP request.

The authorization dance is different from the typical UNIX approach, where there is a separate login sequence before any content requests are made. The client starts by simply making the HTTP request it wants (e.g., to GET an image manifest), and if the registry doesn’t like the client’s token (or if there is no token because the client doesn’t have one yet), it replies with HTTP 401 Unauthorized, but crucially it also provides instructions in the response header on how to get a token. The client then follows those instructions, obtains a token, re-tries the request, and (hopefully) all is well. This approach also allows a client to upgrade a token if needed, e.g. when transitioning from asking if a layer exists to uploading its content.

The distinction between Charliecloud’s anonymous mode and authenticated modes is that it will only ask for anonymous tokens in anonymous mode and authenticated tokens in authenticated mode. That is, anonymous mode does involve an authentication procedure to obtain a token, but this “authentication” is done anonymously. (Yes, it’s confusing.)

Registries also often reply HTTP 401 when an image does not exist, rather than the seemingly more correct HTTP 404 Not Found. This is to avoid information leakage about the existence of images the client is not allowed to pull, and it’s why Charliecloud never says an image simply does not exist.

6.5. Storage directory

ch-image maintains state using normal files and directories located in its storage directory; contents include various caches and temporary images used for building.

In descending order of priority, this directory is located at:

-s, --storage DIR

Command line option.

$CH_IMAGE_STORAGE

Environment variable. The path must be absolute, because the variable is likely set in a very different context than when it’s used, which seems error-prone on what a relative path is relative to.

/var/tmp/$USER.ch

Default. (Previously, the default was /var/tmp/$USER/ch-image. If a valid storage directory is found at the old default path, ch-image tries to move it to the new default path.)

Unlike many container implementations, there is no notion of storage drivers, graph drivers, etc., to select and/or configure.

The storage directory can reside on any single filesystem (i.e., it cannot be split across multiple filesystems). However, it contains lots of small files and metadata traffic can be intense. For example, the Charliecloud test suite uses approximately 400,000 files and directories in the storage directory as of this writing. Place it on a filesystem appropriate for this; tmpfs’es such as /var/tmp are a good choice if you have enough RAM (/tmp is not recommended because ch-run bind-mounts it into containers by default).

While you can currently poke around in the storage directory and find unpacked images runnable with ch-run, this is not a supported use case. The supported workflow uses ch-convert to obtain a packed image; see the tutorial for details.

The storage directory format changes on no particular schedule. ch-image is normally able to upgrade directories produced by a given Charliecloud version up to one year after that version’s release. Upgrades outside this window and downgrades are not supported. In these cases, ch-image will refuse to run until you delete and re-initialize the storage directory with ch-image reset.

Warning

Network filesystems, especially Lustre, are typically bad choices for the storage directory. This is a site-specific question and your local support will likely have strong opinions.

6.6. Build cache

6.6.1. Overview

Subcommands that create images, such as build and pull, can use a build cache to speed repeated operations. That is, an image is created by starting from the empty image and executing a sequence of instructions, largely Dockerfile instructions but also some others like “pull” and “import”. Some instructions are expensive to execute (e.g., RUN wget http://slow.example.com/bigfile or transferring data billed by the byte), so it’s often cheaper to retrieve their results from cache instead.

The build cache uses a relatively new Git under the hood; see the installation instructions for version requirements. Charliecloud implements workarounds for Git’s various storage limitations, so things like file metadata and Git repositories within the image should work. Important exception: No files named .git* or other Git metadata are permitted in the image’s root directory.

The cache has three modes, enabled, disabled, and a hybrid mode called rebuild where the cache is fully enabled for FROM instructions, but all other operations re-execute and re-cache their results. The purpose of rebuild is to do a clean rebuild of a Dockerfile atop a known-good base image.

Enabled mode is selected with --cache or setting $CH_IMAGE_CACHE to enabled, disabled mode with --no-cache or disabled, and rebuild mode with --rebuild or rebuild. The default mode is enabled if an appropriate Git is installed, otherwise disabled.

6.6.2. Compared to other implementations

Other container implementations typically use build caches based on overlayfs, or fuse-overlayfs in unprivileged situations (configured via a “storage driver”). This works by creating a new tmpfs for each instruction, layered atop the previous instruction’s tmpfs using overlayfs. Each layer can then be tarred up separately to form a tar-based diff.

The Git-based cache has two advantages over the overlayfs approach. First, kernel-mode overlayfs is only available unprivileged in Linux 5.11 and higher, forcing the use of fuse-overlayfs and its accompanying FUSE overhead for unprivileged use cases. Second, Git de-duplicates and compresses files in a fairly sophisticated way across the entire build cache, not just between image states with an ancestry relationship (detailed in the next section).

A disadvantage is lowered performance in some cases. Preliminary experiments suggest this performance penalty is relatively modest, and sometimes Charliecloud is actually faster than alternatives. We have ongoing experiments to answer this performance question in more detail.

6.6.3. De-duplication and garbage collection

Charliecloud’s build cache takes advantage of Git’s file de-duplication features. This operates across the entire build cache, i.e., files are de-duplicated no matter where in the cache they are found or the relationship between their container images. Files are de-duplicated at different times depending on whether they are identical or merely similar.

Identical files are de-duplicated at git add time; in ch-image build terms, that’s upon committing a successful instruction. That is, it’s impossible to store two files with the same content in the build cache. If you try — say with RUN yum install -y foo in one Dockerfile and RUN yum install -y foo bar in another, which are different instructions but both install RPM foo’s files — the content is stored once and each copy gets its own metadata and a pointer to the content, much like filesystem hard links.

Similar files, however, are only de-duplicated during Git’s garbage collection process. When files are initially added to a Git repository (with git add), they are stored inside the repository as (possibly compressed) individual files, called objects in Git jargon. Upon garbage collection, which happens both automatically when certain parameters are met and explicitly with git gc, these files are archived and (re-)compressed together into a single file called a packfile. Also, existing packfiles may be re-written into the new one.

During this process, similar files are identified, and each set of similar files is stored as one base file plus diffs to recover the others. (Similarity detection seems to be based primarily on file size.) This delta process is agnostic to alignment, which is an advantage over alignment-sensitive block-level de-duplicating filesystems. Exception: “Large” files are not compressed or de-duplicated. We use the Git default threshold of 512 MiB (as of this writing).

Charliecloud runs Git garbage collection at two different times. First, a lighter-weight garbage pass runs automatically when the number of loose files (objects) grows beyond a limit. This limit is in flux as we learn more about build cache performance, but it’s quite a bit higher than the Git default. This garbage runs in the background and can continue after the build completes; you may see Git processes using a lot of CPU.

An important limitation of the automatic garbage is that large packfiles (again, this is in flux, but it’s several GiB) will not be re-packed, limiting the scope of similar file detection. To address this, a heavier garbage collection can be run manually with ch-image build-cache --gc. This will re-pack (and re-write) the entire build cache, de-duplicating all similar files. In both cases, garbage uses all available cores.

git build-cache prints the specific garbage collection parameters in use, and -v can be added for more detail.

6.6.4. Large file threshold

Because Git uses content-addressed storage, upon commit, it must read in full all files modified by an instruction. This I/O cost can be a significant fraction of build time for some large images. Regular files larger than the experimental large file threshold are stored outside the Git repository, somewhat like Git Large File Storage. ch-image uses hard links to bring large files in and out of images as needed, which is a fast metadata operation that ignores file content.

Option --cache-large sets the threshold in MiB; if not set, environment variable CH_IMAGE_CACHE_LARGE is used; if that is not set either, the default value 0 indicates that no files are considered large.

There are two trade-offs. First, large files in any image with the same path, mode, size, and mtime (to nanosecond precision if possible) are considered identical, even if their content is not actually identical; e.g., touch(1) shenanigans can corrupt an image. Second, every version of a large file is stored verbatim and uncompressed (e.g., a large file with a one-byte change will be stored in full twice), and large files do not participate in the build cache’s de-duplication, so more storage space will likely be used. Unused versions are deleted by ch-image build-cache --gc.

(Note that Git has an unrelated setting called core.bigFileThreshold.)

6.6.5. Example

Suppose we have this Dockerfile:

$ cat a.df
FROM alpine:3.9
RUN echo foo
RUN echo bar

On our first build, we get:

$ ch-image build -t foo -f a.df .
  1. FROM alpine:3.9
[ ... pull chatter omitted ... ]
  2. RUN echo foo
copying image ...
foo
  3. RUN echo bar
bar
grown in 3 instructions: foo

Note the dot after each instruction’s line number. This means that the instruction was executed. You can also see this by the output of the two echo commands.

But on our second build, we get:

$ ch-image build -t foo -f a.df .
  1* FROM alpine:3.9
  2* RUN echo foo
  3* RUN echo bar
copying image ...
grown in 3 instructions: foo

Here, instead of being executed, each instruction’s results were retrieved from cache. (Charliecloud uses lazy retrieval; nothing is actually retrieved until the end, as seen by the “copying image” message.) Cache hit for each instruction is indicated by an asterisk (*) after the line number. Even for such a small and short Dockerfile, this build is noticeably faster than the first.

We can also try a second, slightly different Dockerfile. Note that the first three instructions are the same, but the third is different:

$ cat c.df
FROM alpine:3.9
RUN echo foo
RUN echo qux
$ ch-image build -t c -f c.df .
  1* FROM alpine:3.9
  2* RUN echo foo
  3. RUN echo qux
copying image ...
qux
grown in 3 instructions: c

Here, the first two instructions are hits from the first Dockerfile, but the third is a miss, so Charliecloud retrieves that state and continues building.

We can also inspect the cache:

$ ch-image build-cache --tree
*  (c) RUN echo qux
| *  (a) RUN echo bar
|/
*  RUN echo foo
*  (alpine+3.9) PULL alpine:3.9
*  (HEAD -> root) ROOT

named images:     4
state IDs:        5
commits:          5
files:          317
disk used:        3 MiB

Here there are four named images: a and c that we built, the base image alpine:3.9 (written as alpine+3.9 because colon is not allowed in Git branch names), and the empty base of everything root. Also note how a and c diverge after the last common instruction RUN echo foo.

6.7. build

Build an image from a Dockerfile and put it in the storage directory.

6.7.1. Synopsis

$ ch-image [...] build [-t TAG] [-f DOCKERFILE] [...] CONTEXT

6.7.2. Description

Uses ch-run -w -u0 -g0 --no-passwd --unsafe to execute RUN instructions. Note that FROM implicitly pulls the base image if needed, so you may want to read about the pull subcommand below as well.

Required argument:

CONTEXT

Path to context directory. This is the root of COPY instructions in the Dockerfile. If a single hyphen (-) is specified: (a) read the Dockerfile from standard input, (b) specifying --file is an error, and (c) there is no context, so COPY will fail. (See --file for how to provide the Dockerfile on standard input while also having a context.)

Options:

-b, --bind SRC[:DST]

For RUN instructions only, bind-mount SRC at guest DST. The default destination if not specified is to use the same path as the host; i.e., the default is equivalent to --bind=SRC:SRC. If DST does not exist, try to create it as an empty directory, though images do have ten directories /mnt/[0-9] already available as mount points. Can be repeated.

Note: See documentation for ch-run --bind for important caveats and gotchas.

Note: Other instructions that modify the image filesystem, e.g. COPY, can only access host files from the context directory, regardless of this option.

--build-arg KEY[=VALUE]

Set build-time variable KEY defined by ARG instruction to VALUE. If VALUE not specified, use the value of environment variable KEY.

-f, --file DOCKERFILE

Use DOCKERFILE instead of CONTEXT/Dockerfile. If a single hyphen (-) is specified, read the Dockerfile from standard input; like docker build, the context directory is still available in this case.

--force

Inject the unprivileged build workarounds; see discussion later in this section for details on what this does and when you might need it. If a build fails and ch-image thinks --force would help, it will suggest it.

-n, --dry-run

Don’t actually execute any Dockerfile instructions.

--no-force-detect

Don’t try to detect if the workarounds in --force would help.

--parse-only

Stop after parsing the Dockerfile.

-t, --tag TAG

Name of image to create. If not specified, infer the name:

1. If Dockerfile named Dockerfile with an extension: use the extension with invalid characters stripped, e.g. Dockerfile.@FOO.bar → foo.bar.

2. If Dockerfile has extension dockerfile: use the basename with the same transformation, e.g. baz.@QUX.dockerfile -> baz.qux.

3. If context directory is not /: use its name, i.e. the last component of the absolute path to the context directory, with the same transformation,

4. Otherwise (context directory is /): use root.

If no colon present in the name, append :latest.

6.7.3. Privilege model

ch-image is a fully unprivileged image builder. It does not use any setuid or setcap helper programs, and it does not use configuration files /etc/subuid or /etc/subgid. This contrasts with the “rootless” or “fakeroot” modes of some competing builders, which do require privileged supporting code or utilities.

This approach does yield some quirks. We provide built-in workarounds that should mostly work (i.e., --force), but it can be helpful to understand what is going on.

ch-image executes all instructions as the normal user who invokes it. For RUN, this is accomplished with ch-run -w --uid=0 --gid=0 (and some other arguments), i.e., your host EUID and EGID both mapped to zero inside the container, and only one UID (zero) and GID (zero) are available inside the container. Under this arrangement, processes running in the container for each RUN appear to be running as root, but many privileged system calls will fail without the workarounds described below. This affects any fully unprivileged container build, not just Charliecloud.

The most common time to see this is installing packages. For example, here is RPM failing to chown(2) a file, which makes the package update fail:

  Updating   : 1:dbus-1.10.24-13.el7_6.x86_64                            2/4
Error unpacking rpm package 1:dbus-1.10.24-13.el7_6.x86_64
error: unpacking of archive failed on file /usr/libexec/dbus-1/dbus-daemon-launch-helper;5cffd726: cpio: chown
  Cleanup    : 1:dbus-libs-1.10.24-12.el7.x86_64                         3/4
error: dbus-1:1.10.24-13.el7_6.x86_64: install failed

This one is (ironically) apt-get failing to drop privileges:

E: setgroups 65534 failed - setgroups (1: Operation not permitted)
E: setegid 65534 failed - setegid (22: Invalid argument)
E: seteuid 100 failed - seteuid (22: Invalid argument)
E: setgroups 0 failed - setgroups (1: Operation not permitted)

By default, nothing is done to avoid these problems, though ch-image does try to detect if the workarounds could help. --force activates the workarounds: ch-image injects extra commands to intercept these system calls and fake a successful result, using fakeroot(1). There are three basic steps:

1. After FROM, analyze the image to see what distribution it contains, which determines the specific workarounds.

2. Before the user command in the first RUN instruction where the injection seems needed, install fakeroot(1) in the image, if one is not already installed, as well as any other necessary initialization commands. For example, we turn off the apt sandbox (for Debian Buster) and configure EPEL but leave it disabled (for CentOS/RHEL).

3. Prepend fakeroot to RUN instructions that seem to need it, e.g. ones that contain apt, apt-get, dpkg for Debian derivatives and dnf, rpm, or yum for RPM-based distributions.

The details are specific to each distribution. ch-image analyzes image content (e.g., grepping /etc/debian_version) to select a configuration; see lib/fakeroot.py for details. ch-image prints exactly what it is doing.

6.7.4. Compatibility with other Dockerfile interpreters

ch-image is an independent implementation and shares no code with other Dockerfile interpreters. It uses a formal Dockerfile parsing grammar developed from the Dockerfile reference documentation and miscellaneous other sources, which you can examine in the source code.

We believe this independence is valuable for several reasons. First, it helps the community examine Dockerfile syntax and semantics critically, think rigorously about what is really needed, and build a more robust standard. Second, it yields disjoint sets of bugs (note that Podman, Buildah, and Docker all share the same Dockerfile parser). Third, because it is a much smaller code base, it illustrates how Dockerfiles work more clearly. Finally, it allows straightforward extensions if needed to support scientific computing.

ch-image tries hard to be compatible with Docker and other interpreters, though as an independent implementation, it is not bug-compatible.

The following subsections describe differences from the Dockerfile reference that we expect to be approximately permanent. For not-yet-implemented features and bugs in this area, see related issues on GitHub.

None of these are set in stone. We are very interested in feedback on our assessments and open questions. This helps us prioritize new features and revise our thinking about what is needed for HPC containers.

6.7.4.1. Context directory

The context directory is bind-mounted into the build, rather than copied like Docker. Thus, the size of the context is immaterial, and the build reads directly from storage like any other local process would. However, you still can’t access anything outside the context directory.

6.7.4.2. Variable substitution

Variable substitution happens for all instructions, not just the ones listed in the Dockerfile reference.

ARG and ENV cause cache misses upon definition, in contrast with Docker where these variables miss upon use, except for certain cache-excluded variables that never cause misses, listed below.

Note that ARG and ENV have different syntax despite very similar semantics.

ch-image passes the following proxy environment variables in to the build. Changes to these variables do not cause a cache miss. They do not require an ARG instruction, as documented in the Dockerfile reference. Unlike Docker, they are available if the same-named environment variable is defined; --build-arg is not required.

HTTP_PROXY
http_proxy
HTTPS_PROXY
https_proxy
FTP_PROXY
ftp_proxy
NO_PROXY
no_proxy

In addition to those listed in the Dockerfile reference, these environment variables are passed through in the same way:

SSH_AUTH_SOCK
USER

Finally, these variables are also pre-defined but are unrelated to the host environment:

PATH=/ch/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
TAR_OPTIONS=--no-same-owner

6.7.4.3. ARG

Variables set with ARG are available anywhere in the Dockerfile, unlike Docker, where they only work in FROM instructions, and possibly in other ARG before the first FROM.

6.7.4.4. FROM

The FROM instruction accepts option --arg=NAME=VALUE, which serves the same purpose as the ARG instruction. It can be repeated.

6.7.4.5. COPY

Especially for people used to UNIX cp(1), the semantics of the Dockerfile COPY instruction can be confusing.

Most notably, when a source of the copy is a directory, the contents of that directory, not the directory itself, are copied. This is documented, but it’s a real gotcha because that’s not what cp(1) does, and it means that many things you can do in one cp(1) command require multiple COPY instructions.

Also, the reference documentation is incomplete. In our experience, Docker also behaves as follows; ch-image does the same in an attempt to be bug-compatible.

1. You can use absolute paths in the source; the root is the context directory.

2. Destination directories are created if they don’t exist in the following situations:

   1. If the destination path ends in slash. (Documented.)

   2. If the number of sources is greater than 1, either by wildcard or explicitly, regardless of whether the destination ends in slash. (Not documented.)

   3. If there is a single source and it is a directory. (Not documented.)

3. Symbolic links behave differently depending on how deep in the copied tree they are. (Not documented.)

   1. Symlinks at the top level — i.e., named as the destination or the source, either explicitly or by wildcards — are dereferenced. They are followed, and whatever they point to is used as the destination or source, respectively.

   2. Symlinks at deeper levels are not dereferenced, i.e., the symlink itself is copied.

4. If a directory appears at the same path in source and destination, and is at the 2nd level or deeper, the source directory’s metadata (e.g., permissions) are copied to the destination directory. (Not documented.)

5. If an object appears in both the source and destination, and is at the 2nd level or deeper, and is of different types in the source and destination, then the source object will overwrite the destination object. (Not documented.) For example, if /tmp/foo/bar is a regular file, and /tmp is the context directory, then the following Dockerfile snippet will result in a file in the container at /foo/bar (copied from /tmp/foo/bar); the directory and all its contents will be lost.

   RUN mkdir -p /foo/bar && touch /foo/bar/baz
   COPY foo /foo
   

We expect the following differences to be permanent:

• Wildcards use Python glob semantics, not the Go semantics.

• COPY --chown is ignored, because it doesn’t make sense in an unprivileged build.

6.7.4.6. Features we do not plan to support

• Parser directives are not supported. We have not identified a need for any of them.

• EXPOSE: Charliecloud does not use the network namespace, so containerized processes can simply listen on a host port like other unprivileged processes.

• HEALTHCHECK: This instruction’s main use case is monitoring server processes rather than applications. Also, implementing it requires a container supervisor daemon, which we have no plans to add.

• MAINTAINER is deprecated.

• STOPSIGNAL requires a container supervisor daemon process, which we have no plans to add.

• USER does not make sense for unprivileged builds.

• VOLUME: This instruction is not currently supported. Charliecloud has good support for bind mounts; we anticipate that it will continue to focus on that and will not introduce the volume management features that Docker has.

6.7.5. Examples

Build image bar using ./foo/bar/Dockerfile and context directory ./foo/bar:

$ ch-image build -t bar -f ./foo/bar/Dockerfile ./foo/bar
[...]
grown in 4 instructions: bar

Same, but infer the image name and Dockerfile from the context directory path:

$ ch-image build ./foo/bar
[...]
grown in 4 instructions: bar

Build using humongous vendor compilers you want to bind-mount instead of installing into the image:

$ ch-image build --bind /opt/bigvendor:/opt .
$ cat Dockerfile
FROM centos:7

RUN /opt/bin/cc hello.c
#COPY /opt/lib/*.so /usr/local/lib   # fail: COPY doesn't bind mount
RUN cp /opt/lib/*.so /usr/local/lib  # possible workaround
RUN ldconfig

6.8. build-cache

$ ch-image [...] build-cache [...]

Print basic information about the cache. If -v is given, also print some Git statistics and the Git repository configuration.

If any of the following options are given, do the corresponding operation before printing. Multiple options can be given, in which case they happen in this order.

--reset

Clear and re-initialize the build cache.

--gc

Run Git garbage collection on the cache, including full de-duplication of similar files. This will immediately remove all cache entries not currently reachable from a named branch (which is likely to cause corruption if the build cache is being accessed concurrently by another process). The operation can take a long time on large caches.

--text

Print a text tree of the cache using Git’s git log --graph feature. If -v is also given, the tree has more detail.

--dot

Create a DOT export of the tree named ./build-cache.dot and a PDF rendering ./build-cache.pdf. Requires graphviz and git2dot.

6.9. delete

$ ch-image [...] delete IMAGE_GLOB

Delete the image(s) described by IMAGE_GLOB from the storage directory (including all build stages).

IMAGE_GLOB can be either a plain image reference or an image reference with glob characters to match multiple images. For example, ch-image delete 'foo*' will delete all images whose names start with foo.

Importantly, this sub-command does not also remove the image from the build cache. Therefore, it can be used to reduce the size of the storage directory, trading off the time needed to retrieve an image from cache.

Warning

Glob characters must be quoted or otherwise protected from the shell, which also desires to interpret them and will do so incorrectly.

6.10. gestalt

$ ch-image [...] gestalt [SELECTOR]

Provide information about the configuration and available features of ch-image. End users generally will not need this; it is intended for testing and debugging.

SELECTOR is one of:

• bucache. Exit successfully if the build cache is available, unsuccessfully with an error message otherwise. With -v, also print version information about dependencies.

• bucache-dot. Exit successfully if build cache DOT trees can be written, unsuccessfully with an error message otherwise. With -v, also print version information about dependencies.

• python-path. Print the path to the Python interpreter in use and exit successfully.

• storage-path. Print the storage directory path and exit successfully.

6.11. list

Print information about images. If no argument given, list the images in builder storage.

6.11.1. Synopsis

$ ch-image [...] list [-l] [IMAGE_REF]

6.11.2. Description

Optional argument:

-l, --long

Use long format (name, last change timestamp) when listing images.

IMAGE_REF

Print details of what’s known about IMAGE_REF, both locally and in the remote registry, if any.

6.11.3. Examples

List images in builder storage:

$ ch-image list
alpine:3.9 (amd64)
alpine:latest (amd64)
debian:buster (amd64)

Print details about Debian Buster image:

$ ch-image list debian:buster
details of image:    debian:buster
in local storage:    no
full remote ref:     registry-1.docker.io:443/library/debian:buster
available remotely:  yes
remote arch-aware:   yes
host architecture:   amd64
archs available:     386       bae2738ed83
                     amd64     98285d32477
                     arm/v7    97247fd4822
                     arm64/v8  122a0342878

For remotely available images like Debian Buster, the associated digest is listed beside each available architecture. Importantly, this feature does not provide the hash of the local image, which is only calculated on push.

6.12. import

$ ch-image [...] import PATH IMAGE_REF

Copy the image at PATH into builder storage with name IMAGE_REF. PATH can be:

• an image directory

• a tarball with no top-level directory (a.k.a. a “tarbomb”)

• a standard tarball with one top-level directory

If the imported image contains Charliecloud metadata, that will be imported unchanged, i.e., images exported from ch-image builder storage will be functionally identical when re-imported.

Note

Every import creates a new cache entry, even if the file or directory has already been imported.

6.13. pull

Pull the image described by the image reference IMAGE_REF from a repository to the local filesystem.

6.13.1. Synopsis

$ ch-image [...] pull [...] IMAGE_REF [DEST_REF]

See the FAQ for the gory details on specifying image references.

6.13.2. Description

Destination:

DEST_REF

If specified, use this as the destination image reference, rather than IMAGE_REF. This lets you pull an image with a complicated reference while storing it locally with a simpler one.

Options:

--last-layer N

Unpack only N layers, leaving an incomplete image. This option is intended for debugging.

--parse-only

Parse IMAGE_REF, print a parse report, and exit successfully without talking to the internet or touching the storage directory.

This script does a fair amount of validation and fixing of the layer tarballs before flattening in order to support unprivileged use despite image problems we frequently see in the wild. For example, device files are ignored, and file and directory permissions are increased to a minimum of rwx------ and rw------- respectively. Note, however, that symlinks pointing outside the image are permitted, because they are not resolved until runtime within a container.

The following metadata in the pulled image is retained; all other metadata is currently ignored. (If you have a need for additional metadata, please let us know!)

• Current working directory set with WORKDIR is effective in downstream Dockerfiles.

• Environment variables set with ENV are effective in downstream Dockerfiles and also written to /ch/environment for use in ch-run --set-env.

• Mount point directories specified with VOLUME are created in the image if they don’t exist, but no other action is taken.

Note that some images (e.g., those with a “version 1 manifest”) do not contain metadata. A warning is printed in this case.

6.13.3. Examples

Download the Debian Buster image matching the host’s architecture and place it in the storage directory:

$ uname -m
aarch32
pulling image:    debian:buster
requesting arch:  arm64/v8
manifest list: downloading
manifest: downloading
config: downloading
layer 1/1: c54d940: downloading
flattening image
layer 1/1: c54d940: listing
validating tarball members
resolving whiteouts
layer 1/1: c54d940: extracting
image arch: arm64
done

Same, specifying the architecture explicitly:

$ ch-image --arch=arm/v7 pull debian:buster
pulling image:    debian:buster
requesting arch:  arm/v7
manifest list: downloading
manifest: downloading
config: downloading
layer 1/1: 8947560: downloading
flattening image
layer 1/1: 8947560: listing
validating tarball members
resolving whiteouts
layer 1/1: 8947560: extracting
image arch: arm (may not match host arm64/v8)

6.14. push

Push the image described by the image reference IMAGE_REF from the local filesystem to a repository.

6.14.1. Synopsis

$ ch-image [...] push [--image DIR] IMAGE_REF [DEST_REF]

See the FAQ for the gory details on specifying image references.

6.14.2. Description

Destination:

DEST_REF

If specified, use this as the destination image reference, rather than IMAGE_REF. This lets you push to a repository without permanently adding a tag to the image.

Options:

--image DIR

Use the unpacked image located at DIR rather than an image in the storage directory named IMAGE_REF.

Because Charliecloud is fully unprivileged, the owner and group of files in its images are not meaningful in the broader ecosystem. Thus, when pushed, everything in the image is flattened to user:group root:root. Also, setuid/setgid bits are removed, to avoid surprises if the image is pulled by a privileged container implementation.

6.14.3. Examples

Push a local image to the registry example.com:5000 at path /foo/bar with tag latest. Note that in this form, the local image must be named to match that remote reference.

$ ch-image push example.com:5000/foo/bar:latest
pushing image:   example.com:5000/foo/bar:latest
layer 1/1: gathering
layer 1/1: preparing
preparing metadata
starting upload
layer 1/1: a1664c4: checking if already in repository
layer 1/1: a1664c4: not present, uploading
config: 89315a2: checking if already in repository
config: 89315a2: not present, uploading
manifest: uploading
cleaning up
done

Same, except use local image alpine:3.9. In this form, the local image name does not have to match the destination reference.

$ ch-image push alpine:3.9 example.com:5000/foo/bar:latest
pushing image:   alpine:3.9
destination:     example.com:5000/foo/bar:latest
layer 1/1: gathering
layer 1/1: preparing
preparing metadata
starting upload
layer 1/1: a1664c4: checking if already in repository
layer 1/1: a1664c4: not present, uploading
config: 89315a2: checking if already in repository
config: 89315a2: not present, uploading
manifest: uploading
cleaning up
done

Same, except use unpacked image located at /var/tmp/image rather than an image in ch-image storage. (Also, the sole layer is already present in the remote registry, so we don’t upload it again.)

$ ch-image push --image /var/tmp/image example.com:5000/foo/bar:latest
pushing image:   example.com:5000/foo/bar:latest
image path:      /var/tmp/image
layer 1/1: gathering
layer 1/1: preparing
preparing metadata
starting upload
layer 1/1: 892e38d: checking if already in repository
layer 1/1: 892e38d: already present
config: 546f447: checking if already in repository
config: 546f447: not present, uploading
manifest: uploading
cleaning up
done

6.15. reset

$ ch-image [...] reset

Delete all images and cache from ch-image builder storage.

6.16. undelete

$ ch-image [...] undelete IMAGE_REF

If IMAGE_REF has been deleted but is in the build cache, recover it from the cache. Only available when the cache is enabled, and will not overwrite IMAGE_REF if it exists.

6.17. Environment variables

CH_IMAGE_USERNAME, CH_IMAGE_PASSWORD

Username and password for registry authentication. See important caveats in section “Authentication” above.

CH_LOG_FILE

If set, append log chatter to this file, rather than standard error. This is useful for debugging situations where standard error is consumed or lost.

Also sets verbose mode if not already set (equivalent to --verbose).

CH_LOG_FESTOON

If set, prepend PID and timestamp to logged chatter.